Robotics-Advancement or Setback? :: Technology Technological Robots Essays

â€Å"Robotics-Advancement or Setback?† â€Å"When it comes to robots, reality despite everything slacks sci-fi. In any case, since robots have not satisfied their guarantee in the previous decades doesn't imply that they won't show up at some point or another. For sure, the conversion of a few trend setting innovations is bringing the period of mechanical autonomy ever closer smaller,cheaper, progressively reasonable and cost-effective†. This announcement was taken from an article composed by Jim Pinto named, â€Å"ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS†. So as to all the more likely comprehend the period of Robotics and how they occurred in the Manufacturing Industry, it is important to return to the beginning of â€Å"automation† in industry. In 1907, Henry Ford declared his objective for the Ford Motor Company. His fantasy or objective was to construct vehicles that each American could bear. Around then, vehicles were over the top expensive uniquely crafted machines that lone the rich could purchase. Henry Ford realized that to make his fantasy work out that he would need to discover a way truly bring down the expense of causing vehicles yet to have the option to make a benefit. Passage ventured out this objective by structuring the Model â€Å"T†. The Model â€Å"T† was a straightforward, intense vehicle, offering no industrial facility choices not even decision of shading. Henry Ford told his group that the client could have any shading that they needed as long as that shading was dark! The Model â€Å"T† was more affordable than most vehicles, however most of the individuals despite everything couldn't stand to get one. Passage understood that he required a more financially savvy approach to create the vehicle so as to bring down the value enough to make it moderate for everybody. He and his group of specialists took a gander at different Industries and discovered four rules that would cause their objective of making a more affordable vehicle to occur. These standards are as per the following: between alterable parts, nonstop stream, division of work, and decreasing squandered endeavors. Utilizing tradable parts implied making singular bits of the vehicle the equivalent without fail. Right now, each piece was hand-created and no two pieces would be actually the equivalent. By utilizing between variable parts, any valve would fit any engine; any directing wheel would fit any vehicle body. That thought would be utilized for the entirety of the vehicle parts. This implied improving the apparatus and slicing devices used to make the parts. To improve the progression of the work that should have been done so one assignment was done, another started, with brief period spent in set-up. Mechanical technology Advancement or Setback? :: Technology Technological Robots Essays â€Å"Robotics-Advancement or Setback?† â€Å"When it comes to robots, reality despite everything slacks sci-fi. Be that as it may, in light of the fact that robots have not satisfied their guarantee in the previous decades doesn't imply that they won't show up at some point or another. To be sure, the conversion of a few trend setting innovations is bringing the time of apply autonomy ever closer smaller,cheaper, increasingly functional and cost-effective†. This announcement was taken from an article composed by Jim Pinto named, â€Å"ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGY TRENDS†. So as to more readily comprehend the time of Robotics and how they happened in the Manufacturing Industry, it is important to return to the beginning of â€Å"automation† in industry. In 1907, Henry Ford reported his objective for the Ford Motor Company. His fantasy or objective was to assemble vehicles that each American could manage. Around then, vehicles were over the top expensive uniquely designed machines that lone the rich could purchase. Henry Ford realized that to make his fantasy work out that he would need to discover a way truly bring down the expense of causing vehicles yet to have the option to make a benefit. Portage ventured out this objective by planning the Model â€Å"T†. The Model â€Å"T† was a basic, extreme vehicle, offering no production line alternatives not even decision of shading. Henry Ford told his group that the client could have any shading that they needed as long as that shading was dark! The Model â€Å"T† was more affordable than most vehicles, however most of the individuals despite everything couldn't stand to get one. Portage understood that he required a more financially savvy approach to deliver the vehicle so as to bring down the value enough to make it moderate for everybody. He and his group of specialists took a gander at different Industries and discovered four rules that would cause their objective of making a more affordable vehicle to occur. These standards are as per the following: between alterable parts, constant stream, division of work, and diminishing squandered endeavors. Utilizing tradable parts implied making singular bits of the vehicle the equivalent inevitably. As of now, each piece was hand-created and no two pieces would be actually the equivalent. By utilizing between alterable parts, any valve would fit any engine; any guiding wheel would fit any vehicle body. That thought would be utilized for the entirety of the vehicle parts. This implied improving the hardware and slicing instruments used to make the parts. To improve the progression of the work that should have been done so one assignment was done, another started, with brief period spent in set-up.

Market Orientation in a Small Scale Enterprise Environment

Questions: Undertaking 1. Examine the hierarchical motivations behind businesses?Task 2. Examine the idea of the national condition wherein organizations operate?Task 3. Examine the conduct of associations in their market environment?Task 4. Have the option to survey the hugeness of the worldwide elements that shape national business exercises? Answers: Presentation Each association has certain will that is, took into account arrive at the objective of the association. The objectives and the goals of the association assume a significant job in such cases. The base of the association manages the possibility that is utilized in the proposed motivation behind the association. The distinction lies in the model, business type and the essential recipient. Business intrigue and the arrangement might be not the same as that of the size of the association. There might be contrast eating to the formal and the casual association (Akinyele, 2010). Errand 1 1.1 Purpose of association The distinctive sort of direction that is, identified with the association structure remembers the reality to make benefit for business. This is the most commanding rationale alongside the philanthropic starts like that of the NGO. Aside from this, there are shared advantage associations and the other administrative association. The reason for the association relies upon the classifications that have been, directed previously. In the benefit, association it is the essential thought that the procedures that are, detailed is manages the benefit viewpoint (Cherunilam, 2010). The benefits viewpoint is the key point in this sort of association. The administration and the techniques that are applied arrangements with the point of view of benefit. If there should arise an occurrence of the other association the most inverse of the benefit, association is that of charitable association. In the not-for-profit association, similar to the NGOs that work for the improvement of an area of the gen eral public or for a reason that has been set. For this situation, the income originates from the ones that is gathered by the association. There might be beneficent assistance that is required to run these associations. In any case, Bajgoric (2010) contends there are different associations like worker's guilds, clubs that; goes under the classification of shared advantage association. The individuals who are a piece of the equivalent can get the advantage from the association. Simultaneously, the association gets the advantage from the individuals who are a piece of it like for Chris Jones. The associations that are the administrative ones may get the advantage like the police, fire detachment, etc. These associations are principally the open part ones that work for people in general. The inspiration that id got from the equivalent is that of the administration. 1.2 Stakeholders in meeting the authoritative destinations The targets of the association, depend on the work that is determined by the partners. The inside partners assume the most significant job in such case. Be that as it may, without the help of the outer partners the goal of the association can't be upheld. The interior partners are the ones who are the vital piece of the association like that of the proprietor of the organization or association, the workers of the organization, the partners or the associations that might be a piece of any association. Dexter et al. (2010) opines it is the fundamental work of the interior partners to manage the possibility of the association. In such case, it is imperative to take note of the way that the choice that is, taken by these partners is legitimately, identified with the benefit viewpoint of the association. The benefit and the diverting of the equivalent, depend on the thoughts that might be, taken choices that are taken from the inner partners. Aside from the inward partners, the outside pa rtners likewise assume a prevailing job in the benefit of the association. It is urgent to take note of the way that the provisions, mortgagers, land owners are likewise the prevailing in the current status of any association (Griffin. what's more, O'Leary2009). The providers are the fundamental drive for the assets that could be, directed and the utilization of the necessities. The better the administration that is gotten from the providers the better it is to think about the state of the association in any event, for individuals like Chris Jones. The utilization of the aptitudes and the connection of the partners to the association assume the crucial job in making the benefit and the authoritative structure. The destinations and the relationship that is identifying with the partners are: Piece of the pie Fulfillment of the clients Fulfillment of the representatives Partners return Contamination cut Diminishing the parts of waste and others A field-tested strategy is straightforwardly, identified with the work that is doled out to the partners. The duty of utilizing an appropriate administration plan is critical to manage the clients. Clients are a piece of the outside partners who don't have a task to carry out in the business goal of the association. It is different parts in the, partners who are dependable to tailor the goals that are, set the equivalent. It is fundamental to manage the partners successfully in any association arrive at the ideal objectives and benefit. 1.3 Responsibility of associations and procedures The obligation of each organization is to serve better alongside the objectives that have been, set by the organizations. Scarcely any perspectives are to be, thought about by any association, as they have to work inside the lawful system that will be, taken by any association (Diaz-Roldan and Monteagudo, 2013). The limits are to be, held with comparative perspective. Aside from this, any association must have the ideal degree of authenticity that is significant in the running of the organization. Next is the money related viewpoint that will be, considered by the organization. Enrollment of the organization assumes an essential job in managing the administration that is, offered by the association. The representatives make it possible for the association to arrive at the ideal objective with the perfect sum polished methodology and insight. The fundamental obligations and the systems that might be, connected to the previously mentioned is the administration procedure of the associat ion in any event, for Chris Jones. The checking procedure alongside the obligations of the board assumes the key job in directing the methodologies that is required by the association (Guy, 2009). The significant agenda authorities that is to guaranteed by the top level authorities incorporates the consciousness of the obligations, the laws that will be trailed by the association, gatherings, observing and a powerful administration process. The interdepartmental relations likewise assume a critical job. Henceforth, the arranging requires: Operational arrangement A strategic arrangement Key arrangement Possibility arranging Assignment 2 2.1 Economic framework and allotment of assets The financial framework is the one that helps in addressing all the necessities of the individuals of a nation. In such case, it is the general public and the financial structure of the express that assume a significant job. Marlow (2010) set forward the state of any nation is reliant on the components like that of creation procedure of the organization, gracefully of work, usage of the assets accessible and the strategy for the use of assets. The designation of the assets must be the procedure that is to applied by the legislature in the arrangements that they set for the association. The consummation of the cases according to the necessity of the assets is the most significant perspective that will be, managed by the association. There are various sorts of economies dependent on which the assets are allotted. The choice of the legislature for this situation may contrast like if there should arise an occurrence of free economy the mediation of the administration is least. In order economies, it is the portion or the administration orders the impact on the economy (Haase and Franco, 2010). In the economies, it is additionally fundamental that administration assume responsibility for then dissemination of the rare assets. The administration is the significant reason and the principle component in this kind of economy. Blended economies are the ones that manage both the private division and the open part. In any case, the productivity of the allotment of the assets contrasts from that of one nation to another or even in associations like Kensington Textiles Ltd. The reregulation that, depends on the economies is, legitimately identified with the intercession and the degree of the arrangements that legislature may use in a specific economy. The assets and the financial arrangement of each nation are explicit and the laws identifying with the equivalent may contrast (Hanninen et al. 2010). 2.2 Fiscal and money related approach If there should be an occurrence of depending and making the best strategies that is viable in managing the business there are effect of various arrangements. Various patterns of monetary work manages the planning and the sorts of approaches that are utilized. If there should arise an occurrence of the accessibility of the assets, the economy keeps up the expansion and the emptying of the status. If there should arise an occurrence of collapse the majority of the difficult that is, looked by any economy is that, there is loss of occupation alongside the fall of business. The circumstance is conflicting in a condition of expansion. In the event of financial arrangement, there is a greater amount of development in the plaices and there is unwinding in the salary point of view (International Monetary Fund, 2010). The activities that are, made aides in getting the drive that help the economy to make transient employment. Normally the polices are adaptable because of which the running of the financial framework is likewise simple. Notwithstanding, in acquiring manageable long haul development it is significant that the adaptability be made less. The money related approach manages the progressions that are normally fused in the momentary premiums, which may impact the drawn out financing costs. The utilization of the low interests clarifies that the enthusiasm of the operational expense is dispensable for the clients. The antagonistic impacts of this strategy are that the ra

Science and Technology free essay sample

Educators and my dear companions, Science and Technology today, are an equivalent word forever, every part of it is administered by science. The motorization has decreased people to robots. Our exercises, our activity, even our contemplations are logical at this point. Albert Einstein once said â€Å"It would be conceivable to depict everything logically, except it would have neither rhyme nor reason; it would be without significance, as though you portrayed a Beethoven orchestra as a variety of wave pressure. The powers of nature which propelled amazement and frightfulness in the brains of our fore dads have since been tackled to serve us as opposed to oversee us. Downpours, floods, sicknesses, pestilences, endemics no longer scare us. We don't dread and love them now, we don't think of them as divine beings however basic marvels of nature which can be made to serve us or which can be kept away from without any problem. This is the thing that Science has educated us. We will compose a custom paper test on Science and Technology or on the other hand any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page To be legitimate in our thinking and channelise our musings. Science has made the world littler, time and separation have nearly lost their noteworthiness. We can see, hear, and talk from inconceivably significant distances. Tremendous seas, incredible deserts, thick backwoods are no obstacles in the method of bridging them. Excursion via land, ocean and air has been made simpler, increasingly agreeable, speedier and more secure. Around a thousand miles an hour is a typical thing. We can go under the ocean, noticeable all around, on the land and now across a large number of miles through space. The wheel is as yet known as one of the most significant innovations of science and I am sure we all sooner or later of time have considered a whole part on the Whell in our Social Science exercise. Web, Computer, Telephone, Television, Telescope, Telegraph, Tele printer, Communication satellites, Airplanes, Submarines, heavenly noble Ocean Liners, Printing squeezes, material plants and other current industrial facilities are a portion of the wonders of present day age which have upset travel, correspondence, and ways of life. Man has arrived at the moon not once however upwards of multiple times! Lunar arrivals will before long become a thing of past. Human unmanned rockets have just arrived on Mars. Cinematograph TV, photography, video, computerized photography, CD players made life great, engaging, edifying and entertaining while PCs, Tele printers, mechanization, electric warmers, coolers, electric iron, climate control systems, fridges, cold stockpiling have made life more joyful, increasingly agreeable and worth living! Science has helped annihilation of numerous maladies and gave insurance against practically all the serious illnesses. In the prior days fan following was restricted to sending fan mail to the stars and trusting that the letter arrives at their hands. The final product was rarely known. Today with the snap of a mouse we can follow Simorelli on Twiiter on Instagram and have them tail you back â€all done in a matter of few moments. Tremendous machines are working throughout each and every day to make things which make our falsehoods lovely and beguiling and agreeable. Just disadvantage here is that the structures are not specially designed and it I truly conceivable that the dress you purchased from Forever 21 is a similar one your companion as of now has in her pantry. There is opposite side of picture too. Science has its darker angle also. Modern weapons of warâ€tanks, destroyers, torpedoes, bombs, assault rifles, guided rockets, nuclear bombs, nuclear bombs and so on have created devastation on the world and made honest individuals experience the ill effects of these monstrosities of savage part of science. It very well may be said that science has not made life quiet rather it has made life progressively rushed, rushed, stressed, anxious; people have been excessively curious and excessively impulsive. Almost certainly science has protracted the life expectancy, diminished the demise and expanded the birth rates to such an extent that new methods must be conceived to keep a mind the developing populace of the nation. Science resembles a wonderful toy, a lovely helpful instrument, device which whenever utilized cautiously and mindfully is a shelter, and if not is a scourge of God, on the evil clients, abusers of science. Summarizing, it tends to be said that like everything, science and innovation additionally have their more splendid and the darker perspectives yet without a doubt even the staunchest worrier can't help affirm that picks up we have picked up from science exceed the misfortunes, utilizes dwarf the destructive viewpoints. Science resembles a precious stone which outperforms all the legends on the planet. It is a direct result of the science that we are what we are today. Much obliged to you. Science and Technology free paper test The things I learned in Soctec I have learned numerous things in Soctec. It was a great course. There are numerous subjects we handled about science, for example, the science itself as a type of information and as a method of request and science as a social development. By and large, this subject rolled out certain improvements in me. The things I learned will direct me and set me up for my future. This course propelled me to put forth a valiant effort as a future researcher. There are numerous noteworthy thoughts I have learned and experienced in Soctec, for example, the significance of procuring science, innovation and the impact of these to the general public. Learning science is important. Since the beginning, we cooperate with our condition, posing inquiries and looking for answers. This inquiry and-answer process lies at the core of knowing and doing science. It is a method of knowing and pondering the normal and physical segments of the world in which we live. We will compose a custom paper test on Science and Technology or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Through this Soctec class, science was the primary device used to move us material science understudies by handling and examining the basics on to the profound logical subjects. Second, for what reason would it be advisable for us to examine innovation? Innovation is a result of examining science profoundly. Pretty much every part of our day by day life, for example, food, social insurance, transport, interchanges, diversion, our condition utilizes innovation. It is continually advancing and is changing the manner in which we take a gander at things and how we get things done. In addition, how does science and innovation influence the regular living of individuals? Like I stated, science and innovation are related. These days, PC is the most valuable and well known development to each eople. Some may state that they cannot do anything without a PC. All things considered, in reality it is genuine on the grounds that PC makes life increasingly charming and through this, we might have the option to find and investigate new things. Utilizing PC resembles an experience. It gives every one of us the data and is utilized to fathom scientific estimations. Through science and innovation, it is simpler for us to impart others. It is additionally huge in the field of business since exchanges and different occasions are done through the PC. Science and innovation let each individuals live in a simple and current life. It opens the entryway and permits individuals to go into another world which is completely evolved and very much acculturated. Science and innovation isn't giving us just the positive side yet it likewise has its disservices that genuinely influence human life. In the event that we check out the environmental factors, it is so packed, contaminated and harmed which is caused for the most part by the presence of created innovations all through the world. Its reality thoroughly influences our mom earth and our indigenous habitat is supplanted by new huge uildings and processing plants that are overseen by innovation based proprietors. All in all, these arent all the things I have gained from this great class. Demeanor shrewd, this class made me a superior basic mastermind. As a science understudy, having the option to think fundamentally is a favorable position whenever and anyplace. Soctec truly helped me from multiple points of view. It changed my impression of science. From the start, I resembled I Just need to read Just for my evaluations. Be that as it may, presently, I truly realize what is science all world. I truly love Soctec. It changed my entire impression of science.

The Pathway to Our College Counseling

The Pathway to Our College Counseling March 25 To inquire about our services, click on the orange button on the top and bottom of our website. A number of folks ask us how we at Ivy Coach get started working with our students. Well, wonder no more. On the top and bottom of our website is an orange button. By clicking on that orange button, you can sign up for a free 20-minute consultation  so that we can answer any questions you might have about our service offerings. Will we review your childs transcript in advance of the call and offer you 20 minutes of great advice specific to your childs case for admission? Absolutely not. We are a business, not a charity. And we make no apologies for that. The free consultation is only to answer questions about our services and so you can get familiar with us and how we roll. If you would like us to offer you fantastic, specific advice about your childs case for admission to highly selective colleges like the Ivy League colleges, thats the next step after the free 20-minute consultation. If youd like to bypass the free consultation, thats fine by  us. But know that as much as we like to set expectations low, parents and students do often come away with a few great tidbits of advice from even the free consultation. Were all about exceeding expectations at Ivy Coach. In advance of  the one hour evaluation, we request a students transcript, any testing the students completed (SAT / ACT / SAT Subject Tests / AP Exams), a list of the students extracurricular activities as well as his or her involvement in those activities, Naviance log-in information, a list of colleges a student may be interested in, in preferential order, etc. This way, during the evaluation, we can make specific recommendations on how to help a student stand out not only from other applicants around the world but also from other applicants from his or her own high school. If the student has completed some testing, he or she will also come away with an understanding of which colleges are realistic, which are a stretch, which are entirely unrealistic, etc. Whether you choose to proceed with our services or not, after this one hour evaluation, you will come away with many insights into how  your child can improve his or her case for admission to highly selective colleges. So, to get started, fill out that form by clicking on the bright orange button.

Mental Health Care Of Indonesia - 1383 Words

Nations Project: Rough Draft Katie Metro February 9, 2015 Mental Health Care in Indonesia It ruined my dignity or whatever shred of humanity I had left, says Anto Sg, of his experience with Indonesian mental health care. He was repeatedly chained while undergoing medical treatment in East Java at various medical centers. Anto notes that what he really needed was a psychiatrist and counseling, but instead he was shackled for months. He also says that his family believed he was insane and only trusted the treatment at the clinic, where his hands and feet were chained. He recalls crying a lot and considering his life â€Å"truly over.† The treatment shattered his dignity and the shred of humanity he had held onto. Anto Sg might have recovered more quickly and exempt from all the nightmares and trauma without the shackling. But Indonesia, with a population of about 249.9 million people, is severely lacking proper mental health care. The country has only about 800 psychiatrists. And with only 47 or 48 mental institutions in the country, all concentrated in four o f the 34 provinces, Indonesia is severely lacking proper mental health care. Various sources suggest that 19 million people in Indonesia suffer from psychological disabilities like depression and anxiety. Another million have psychosis. The shortage of community based mental health services makes psychologically disabled people left only to the care of their families, who usually employ shackling on theirShow MoreRelatedLingkar - . â€Å"Health Is A State Of Complete Physical, Mental,1177 Words   |  5 PagesLINGKAR - â€Å"Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence or infirmity†- Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference On September 2015, for the first time, world leaders are recognizing the promotion of mental-health and well-being as health priorities with the inclusion of mental health in goal 3 of the Sustainable Development Agenda. 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Islam teaching them that their food is provide by Allah for their survival and to maintain good health. Therefore, before starting eating, they must bless the food in the name of Allah; Muslims are advised to eat slowly with moderation. Muslims believe in sharing with others and eating together is value to them it brings harmony and facilitate betterRead Morethe advantages and disadvantages of adventure1488 Words   |  6 Pageswhy. While there are several physical health benefits to adventure travel (see Nos. 1, 2, and 3, below), the advantages for your mental wellness are just as impressive (Nos. 4, 5, and 6). Too, adventure travel can enlighten your soul (Nos. 7 and 8 ) and even help save the world (Nos. 9 and 10). Can you think of anything else that can do all that? Ten Reasons Why Adventure Travel Is Good for You 1) When you get dirty, you improve your physical health. Scientists have recently reported thatRead MoreAmericas Family Planning Programs1534 Words   |  7 Pagesand java in Indonesia, in attempt to lower population, however, in the case of Greece’s family planning, it aims to reduce women’s abortion rates. In many countries, governments have ulterior motives for reducing population, some are positive, aiming to increase women’s health but most commonly the case is that families only provide economical benefits and development for the country. A decline in population means that the government can invest more â€Å"per capita in education and health, thus creatingRead MoreResearch And Determinants Of Epidemiology Essay2094 Words   |  9 Pagesof health outcomes and diseases in populations. In epidemiology, the patient is the community and individuals as viewed collectively. By definition, epidemiology is the study and determinants of health-related states and events in specified populations. 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Expectancy Violations Theory Of Expectancy - 1301 Words

Expectancy Violations Theory Every day we make predictions. Its subconscious, but we do. Imagine meeting someone for the first time and you predicted shaking the person’s hand. In fact, you may have even extended your hand out, if the person you were meeting took the hand and pulled it into a hug, you have just experienced a violation of what you expected to happen. This is called expectancy violations theory. The expectancy violations theory was developed by Judee Burgoon. The theory is an in-depth look into how people respond to an offense to what they perceive as a social norm. Individuals make predictions based on their past interactions and have compiled their own expectations. Expectancy violations include personal space. Personal space is the distance that a person prefers to be from others. Personal space is subjective to every individual’s preference and can be influenced by their cultural background. Edward Hall who coined the term, proxemics, said Americans have four proxemics zones. The first being the intimate distance about zero to eighteen inches, the next was called personal distance which was eighteen inches to four feet, then third proxemics zone was named social distance which was from four feet to 12 feet, and finally the last zone was public distance which was twelve feet to 15 feet. Hall taught that we shouldn’t be incentive to other special cultures and that it was important to adjust our non-verbal behavior to accommodate others (Griffin et al.,Show MoreRelatedExpectancy Violation Theory Of Expectancy1373 Words   |  6 PagesBurgoon originally developed the Expectancy Violation Theory in 1978; it began as a simple theory a bout personal space. Today, it analyzes how individuals respond to unanticipated violations of social norms or expectations. Violations of expectations can completely alter a relationship for better and even for worse. Understanding the past research done on expectancy violation theory can help people prepare for various social situations and understand past violations as well. This literature reviewRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory1588 Words   |  7 PagesExpectancy Violation Theory Introduction â€Å"Expectancy violations exert significance on people’s interaction patterns, on their impressions of one another, and on the outcomes of their interactions† (Burgoon 1993:40). In other words, Judee Burgoon, founder of the expectancy violation theory, concluded from various experiments that people evaluate communication with others in a negative or positive regard, based on their expectation of the interaction and their opinion of the communicator. WhenRead MoreThe Theory Of The Expectancy Violation Theory1668 Words   |  7 Pagespre-existing and external factors. Burgoon’s Expectancy Violations Theory analyses people’s reactions to unanticipated violations of social norms or expectations. 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The theory was developed from the Nonverbal expectancy violation modelRead MoreThe Expectancy Violations Theory And Human Norms1299 Words   |  6 Pagesassignment, Professor Striley, after explaining the expectancy violations theory, challenged her students to apply its concepts to violate a stranger’s expectations in publ ic and record the subsequent response. Through this activity, I learned firsthand that low communicator reward valence potential could cause a seemingly ambiguous violation to seem negative. In this paper, I will first explain the expectancy violations theory and describe the expectancy my group violated for the assignment. Next, IRead MoreChristian Perspective On Expectancy Violations Theory3137 Words   |  13 PagesCarter Almquist Communication Theory Professor McCormick December 2, 2014 Christian Perspective on Expectancy Violations Theory In this paper there will be a critical analysis of the Expectancy Violations Theory and views points of a Christian on that theory. Expectancy Violations Theory is best defined as a way to explain how someone reacts to unexpected behavior of their friends and peers and the many meanings that people bring to the violation of their personal space. According to communicationtheoryRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory (Paper Rough Draft)1192 Words   |  5 PagesExpectancy Violation Theory (Paper Rough Draft) â€Æ' Expectancy Violation Theory, or more commonly referred to as EVT, is the study of attempting to explain one’s reactions to unexpected behavior of their peers, and the various meanings that people attribute to the violation, or infringement, of their personal space. Judee Burgoon defines personal space as the invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines that individual’s preferred distance from others. I will explainRead MoreThe Expectancy Violations Theory Originated By Judee Burgoon1917 Words   |  8 PagesThe Expectancy Violations Theory originated by Judee Burgoon explains a person’s response to unpredicted actions by their peers, and the numerous meanings that individuals attribute to the abuse or violation of their personal space. Burgoon defined personal space as the â€Å"invisible, variable volume of space surrounding an individual that defines that individual’s preferred distance from others† (Griffin, p. 85 ). Expectancy is what people predict (or expect) will occur, instead of what they wish. Read MoreAnalysis Of Judee Burgoon s Expectancy Violations Theory943 Words   |  4 PagesJudee Burgoon’s expectancy violations theory is about how people deal with violations of personal space, behaviors, and communication. Burgoon first started with Edward Hall’s theory about proxemics. Proxemics is someone’s personal space. She then modified her theory to include behavior and communication violations. The three main parts of Burgoon’s theory are expectancies, violation valence, and communicator reward valence. Expectancies are what some expects to happen. There are three factorsRead MoreExpectancy Violation Theory1573 Words   |  7 PagesExpectancy Violation Theory Introduction â€Å"Expectancy violations exert significance on people’s interaction patterns, on their impressions of one another, and on the outcomes of their interactions† (Burgoon 1993:40). In other words, Judee Burgoon, founder of the expectancy violation theory, concluded from various experiments that people evaluate communication with others in a negative or positive regard, based on their expectation of the interaction and their opinion of the communicator. When people

Summary of My Music Video Essay Example For Students

Summary of My Music Video Essay The genre featured in my music video/storyboard was pop/soul. In order to construct my storyboard and music video, I had to analyze cd covers, music videos and generic conventions within the genre. First of all I studied music videos by John Newman and Sam Smith as they use similar narratives and generic conventions. I looked at John Newman’s Love Me Again video which is a story of a man and a woman at a nightclub whose love builds throughout the song, the narrative is loosely based on Romeo and Juliet the star cross’d lovers. As this is the key theme we see the couple being in love as a struggle and a challenge to overcome. Throughout the video the love theme continues but just as we see the struggle disappearing, the couple run out the club (holding hands) and both get hit by a truck this is presenting the surprise twist element, again this relates to the whole Romeo and Juliet convention. I also analyzed and studied Sam Smith’s I’m not the only one video where again we see a couple but this time a married couple, the relationship shown in this video is based on heartache , cheating and lies. The first character we meet is a traditional 1950’s devoted housewife who does all the work, makes her husband breakfast, and cleans the house. The second character we meet is her husband who is very unappreciative and ignorant to everything his wife does for him. As a traditional 1950’s male he goes off â€Å"supposedly† to work this could suggest a patriarchal society. Throughout the video we are shown two sides of a relationship, the woman who does everything and the male who goes off and cheats. As well as narrative codes I also looked at the visual and technical codes. In both of the music videos both artists used similar technical codes, when watching the videos I noticed that many different camera shots were used: extreme close ups, medium shots, close ups and long shots which I interpreted into when filming my own video. I also noticed that some shots matched the narrative which matched the lyrics of the song, again I have tried to use this convention in my own music video. Although slow motion only slightly featured in the music videos I studied, I did use this effect to slow down pivotal scenes. To further my research I also analyzed Sam Smiths In the lonely hour CD cover, which shows similar conventions to his music videos. On the front cover we see Sam Smith being thoughtful and reflective connoting possibly heartache, the colors used are quite dark which also connotes loneliness and heartache which is represented in his music and music videos. The cover of the album is quite stripped down, with no distractions of fancy artwork, which makes us focus on the portrait photograph of the solo artist. This suggest that the material on the album is straight from the heart of this male singer. In direct contrast to the album cover, the single artwork is brightly coloured abstract brushstrokes which gives no hint to who the artist is and what the song is actually about, which runs through in a similar vein on all of the single covers from the album. I also decide to look at John Newman’s Tribute album which partly helped with constructing the story board. From all of my research I can see that these two artists have similar narrative, technical and visual codes that I have chosen to include in my own music video. The two songs I looked at are based on love stories which was the subject matter I chose for my storyboard. The song I chose for my video features the lyrics â€Å"Why are you looking down all the wrong roads? When mine is the heart and the salt of the soul, There may be lovers who hold out their hands But they’ll never love you like I can. † I have interpreted these lyrics through the girl in the video’s perspective, which is aimed at her wayward partner. This is a typical example of the lyrics that create the narrative of the song I have chosen for my video. .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 , .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .postImageUrl , .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 , .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518:hover , .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518:visited , .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518:active { border:0!important; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518:active , .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518 .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua8f14ad6fb0ad0c06e5b75e364e93518:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: History of musical theatre EssayMy target audience for my music video was women and possibly men aged from 15-35 , my first audience I thought about whilst creating my video was women as we see in the video a relationship through the eyes of a woman. I chose this audience because I had researched Sam Smith and John Newman’s typical target audience. My music video would appeal to this audience as it is based on romance which is usually experienced profoundly in this age bracket. Before I had even started filming my music video I had to produce a storyboard to plan the characters and locations of the video. I used the music videos I had analyzed to help me with constructing my storyboard. My storyboard when finished was based on two characters a male and a female , the female character I constructed was innocent and uncool whilst the male character was a bit of a player, a lad and highly thought of. I also added an extra character to appear who was uncool like the girl, who is not noticed by anybody but I edited this character out as he was no loner relevant to the narrative. The music video I had created revolved around the two main character on a date whilst the unnoticed guy was there trying to grab the girls attention to show her that she is dating the wrong guy. As I had created the main male character as a player I added the cheating conventions of music videos I had researched to pair with his character. To portray this in his character I had planned for him to throughout the music video to keep glancing at his phone and at the end of the video to show that he had really been texting another girl whilst on a date with his girlfriend. To represent the relationship convention in my storyboard I made the two main characters boyfriend and girlfriend to further this idea I chose for characters to hold hands, laugh and overall have a good time together. The original setting I had chosen was in Costa or a cafe but due to permission and time purposes, I had to change the location to outside in fields and parks. When I had finished producing my storyboard and changed location ideas, I was pretty confident on the setting and location. After look through Sam Smith’s singles I chose â€Å"Like I Can† to be the music for my video. When I started filming I had the narrative change as I had to edit out the extra character I put in my storyboard as he was no longer relevant to the narrative. The locations I had chosen for my music video was Thomas Hardye School, The Park and South West Train Station. I chose these locations as no permission to film was needed and it made the narrative between the couple look more relaxed and natural. Choosing this location was also an advantage as there was more space and scenery. My video is purely narrative based as I feel this worked for me and matched conventions and codes of the op genre I had studied. As the video starts there is a shot of the boy drawing his name and the girls name in a heart, I used this as it relates back to when people used to carve hearts into a tree. The shot I used here was zooming in so you could see the initials clearly. The song I chose to use the cover is of a black and white abstract painting, which I have portrayed through black and white in this shot. In my video Kieran the male character can be seen to be wearing the same clothing throughout the music video this shows and creates and idea for the audience that the narrative happens in one day. The female character Amy is also wearing the same clothing to show the same idea. I had chosen to film the narrative in one day to show the idea of them being on a date. Throughout the pop genre there are many different camera shots which I have tried to incorporate into my music video. The song I chose to use the cover is of a black and white abstract painting, which I have portrayed through black and white effect in my music video.

The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay Essay Example

The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay Essay The population in Klang Valley towards 2020 will expected to transcend 6 million to 10 million. The additions in the population in Klang Valley and Kuala Lumpur ( KL ) will increase the needed of the conveyances in that country neither in the public conveyance nor the private conveyances. Based on 2009-2010 statistics, the expected population of major metropoliss such as Kuala Lumpur, Kajang, Petaling Jaya are as followers: City Population s Growth ( % ) We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Advantages Of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Kuala Lumpur 1,468,984 1,475,337 0.43 Petaling Jaya 543,413 638,549 17.5 Selayang 253,421 265,247 4.5 Kajang 428,131 448,243 4.7 Based on the informations, we can see that quickly growing in the major metropoliss in Klang Valley. Harmonizing to the growing of population, we suggests that these metropoliss should be need an great betterment particularly in public installations such as transit. In connexion with the actions of the authorities s programs to set up a public conveyance system ; Mass Rapid Transit in the Klang Valley, this will convey benefits for the citizen. Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit ( KVMRT ) is a new system which proposed the new line under the Selangor and Kuala Lumpur rail theodolite system. This system will be implemented as portion of attempts to do Kuala Lumpur universe category metropolis under the tenth Malaysia Pelan ( 10MP ) . This new KVMRT system will be about 156km long, covering a radius of 20km from the metropolis Centre and have a capacity two million riders per twenty-four hours. This system will supported by the web of feeder coachs and covered paseos to supply end-to-end connectivity commuter and walkers. The KVMRT is linking Sungai Buloh to Kajang which involves the building of a 51km theodolite line. This system will go through through the KL metropolis Centre and be integrated with the bing KTM Komuter, Ampang LRT Line and Kelana Jaya LRT Line. It will hold 35 Stationss and 2 terminals. Therefore, we will be demoing our sentiment which besides consists the advantages and disadvantages sing the Klang Valley Ma ss Rapid Transit. The Advantages of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit ( KVMRT ) 2.1 Solve the deterioration traffic congestion KVMRT is a undertaking that has a tonss of advantage such as cut downing traffic congestion in the metropolis. We are informed that traffic congestion in the major metropolis such as Kuala Lumpur is really critical. Although invariably upgraded substructure, but congestion still occurs even more severely. This is because the town is an country that became the focal point of the populace. Higher criterion of life in Malaysia has besides resulted in a rise in the figure of vehicles on the route. Paths that do non consistently do traffic congestion. Based on the study conducted, there were 2.2 million vehicles in the country of Kuala Lumpur each twenty-four hours and the peak clip for traffic congestion is at 8.00 am to 9.00 am and 6.00 autopsy to 7.00 autopsy. Studies shows the figure of vehicles sold in the twelvemonth 2010 indicated an addition of 605,156 units over the old twelvemonth but merely 536,905 units, an addition of 12.71 % . This survey shows the figure of vehicles on the roads is increasing and doing the traffic congestion, particularly in the metropolis more critical. The being of this undertaking can work out the deterioration traffic congestion. Besides that, the planetary oil monetary values are unstable and are at high degrees. Residents will travel to utilize public conveyance. This is because when utilizing personal vehicles for any concern it will necessitate a high cost in position of lifting oil monetary values. When utilizing public conveyance, people will be able to cut down the cost of their day-to-day and can assist to diminish the traffic congestion of urban country. Reducing route activity The needed of the conveyances are of import because it is deal to motion in day-to-day life. By all this increases, it will besides increase the route activity where there are big sum of conveyances in the route and will do gridlock in that country. Kuala Lumpur is excessively car-oriented. The additions in the public conveyances can be curbed if there was a good development in the public transit sector. Therefore, to cut down this job, the suited ways is by the additions the utilizations of the populace s conveyance. By the KVMRT undertaking, it will cut down the route activity. It can cut downing the route activity by encourage the rider or the people to utilize the KVMRT. The KVMRT is a first public conveyance system that are able to pull off the efficient in utilizations of conveyances in the route. Harmonizing the StarMetro intelligence, the line will serve same 1.2 million people around the Klang Valley and one KVMRT passenger car can transport 300 people which is tantamount to 177 autos. ( Priya Menon and Shauan Ho, 2011: M2 ) It shows that KVMRT can cut down the route job in that country. It besides can transport the big figure of people and this can assist people moved rapidly and avoiding the route traffics that is the hinderance them motion every twenty-four hours. By merely one passenger car, it can less or decreases the utilizations of autos by 177 autos or tantamount 3 coachs on the route. The route activity will diminish by the utilizations the KVMRT. Therefore, the KVMRT is touted to work out traffic congestion in the Klang Valley. Reduce accident rates The KVMRT undertaking will besides able to cut down accident rates. Accident is a job that frequently occurs, and despite the assorted steps undertaken chiefly by the authorities. However, it is still valid. Since the undertaking is to assist cut down and get the better of the traffic congestion, accident rates indirectly besides be able to be solved. This is because the decreased figure of vehicles on the route because most people will utilize public conveyance ( KVMRT ) to transport out day-to-day activities. KVMRT public conveyance as this provides a high degree of rider safety. It is suffering KVMRT has its ain way and impossible to accident is happen. The tabular array below show the statistic of accident from 2005 until 2009: Record OF ACCIDENT IN MALAYSIA Year Entire 2005 39,132 2006 28,682 2007 27,035 2008 25,865 2009 25,268 Statistik from Jabatan Keselamatan Jalan Raya Ministry of Transportation, Malaysia. ( Kementerian Pengangkutan Malaysia, 2010 ) Promote more economic activities Get downing beginning of this KVMRT undertaking, there will a batch of economic activities exists among them as short and long term investing and making employment chances to people in environing and other countries. Through this development, the KVMRT undertaking will be to help states in accomplishing the Vision 2020. Other multiplier consequence and revenue enhancement grosss to authorities would accrue during the building period. KVMRT undertaking will be built in strategic countries such as in the township. This undertaking was made in the country that has a immense population like in the DBKL, MPKJ, MBSA and MPS legal power. Residential country such as Setiawangsa, Kepong, and Cheras. Commercial and concern zone more in Kuala Lumpur, Damansara and Kajang. The SBK Line traverses along main road and extremely built up countries in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor. The undertaking traverses countries under the legal power of this 5 local governments. As a consequence, in the hereafter, many industries may exists and develop so this will take to the growing of the economic in Malaysia. In occupation creative activity factor, this undertaking will be able to pull more workers at place or outside. The demand to construct the full undertaking will make many occupations for local people. It will be assisting people find their beginning of income in transporting out this undertaking. Convenient to go The KVMRT system that are coming up will do our citizen convenient to go. Let s hold a expression at the circle countries like The Curve, One Utama, TTDI, Seksyen 17 and Sekyen 16 under the map below: Degree centigrades: UsersMazuin HamzahPicturesUntitled.jpg Presently, if the people who stay at exterior of the Damansara countries and wanted to the selected country by utilizing public transits such as LRT, they have to take LRT and halt by at Kelana Jaya and so taking public bus Rapid Bus to travel to the selected countries. This coming undertaking of KVMRT will convert people more. As we know the selected country is the chief topographic point that more people will desire to travel for every weekend. In this instance, hence, people will be delighted to acquire at that place. Beside that, traffic congestion ever occurs between the route of Seksyen 16 to TTDI and with a new system of KVMRT the job to acquire to the selected topographic point will more easiness for the citizen. The same job goes to Sambathan and Pusat Bandar Damansara because there are no direct manner to acquire at that place. Therefore, largely people have to take either LRT and public coach or they have to take two coachs if they wanted to make at that place. The direct manner of KVMRT will ease people more comparison to the current public transit in Klang Valley. Actually there are many other topographic point that should hold public installations particularly in term of transit. However the new KVMRT has cover the chief topographic points in Klang Valley that most of the people will travel. Besides, the 35 Stationss of this coming KVMRT system will make an ease entree for a batch of topographic points. Based on the map above, it will more convenient to travel to the other topographic points. There s a batch of people complain that they ca nt acquire to One Utama or The Curve without ain transit such as auto or bike. This job can be handled by presenting the new system of KVMRT. Other than that, there are no public transit either coach, KTM, The Star or other public transit that are able to travel from Sungai Buloh to Kajang straight. Normally people have to travel to KL Sentral to take another coach or train. Alternatively of taking KVMRT, it will more easier to make the topographic points such as Chocharane and Plaza Phoenix which are next the route. Therefore, the coming launch of KVMRT will do the entree of one topographic point to another topographic point more easier, comfy and less fuss. Increase the criterion of life Besides, one of the advantages is to better the quality of life. Through the KVMRT, the community located near theodolite Michigans, people can more easy and rapidly settle their day-to-day undertakings. Daily activities can run swimmingly and people can salvage a batch of clip and can pass more clip with their household. Location such as Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Seremban and Johor Bahru, the degrees of pollutants from vehicles needfully higher. With the KVMRT system of air pollution caused by vehicles to avoid farther to better the quality of health care. Save cost and travel clip KVMRT undertaking execution could hold a positive impact on urban environment in footings of economic efficiency, productiveness and equality of life, every bit good as the quality of life. Some of the positive impact can be seen that there is a rider clip nest eggs and vehicle operating costs and diminish the cost of an accident in which a platform is safe from the route. We can see from the general public respondents and feedback for the section Sg. Buloh to Damansara showed that 41.9 % agreed that the nest eggs in clip and travel clip can be achieved. While the path from Maluri to Kajang showed 39.8 % of respondents of the populace and agree responses. A big per centum of 82 % of respondents indicated that they still use the MRT as it is delighting to the school or their motion into the market recorded a sum of 49.5 % . The path of Sg. Buluh to Kajang besides able to cut down travel costs by RM1.6 billion each twelvemonth. Reduction of traffic congestion ensuing in a decrease of c lip can be expected of 100s of 1000000s. Those who use public conveyance will see cost nest eggs in vehicle operation. Savingss in fuel costs and vehicle care costs can be felt by consumers due to the decrease of auto traffic. The Disadvantages of Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit ( KVMRT ) Percepts of the Residents For the KVMRT undertaking, apart from the positive side of perceptual experience, there are besides some perceptual experiences of negative facets of the undertaking which are come from the occupants sentiments and perceptual experiences and these are all the ground why the occupants do non back up the KVMRT undertaking. We will discourse some occupants perceptual experiences of negative facets here. ERE Consulting Group had province some negative perceptual experience of respondents about the KVMRT undertaking. Based from the Sungai Buloh to Semantan respondents perceptual experience of negative facets of the undertaking, 2.7 % of them think that the KVMRT undertaking may do the job of land acquisition or relocation in some country ( ERE Consulting Group, 2011: 17 ) . While, there are 8.1 % of same negative sentiment from the respondents from Maluri to Kajiang ( ERE Consulting Group, 2011: 18 ) . The occupants are inquire if the KVMRT undertaking cause some of the occupants belongingss may be acquired and causes them resettled at another location if their belongingss fell in the way of KVMRT alliance ( ERE Consulting Group, 2011: 18 ) . If so, the occupants will because of the KVMRT undertaking and lost their belongingss and place. Apart from that, based from the Sungai Buloh to Semantan respondents perceptual experience of negative facets of the undertakings, approximately 4.1 % of them are believe that, the undertaking is excessively close to the residential country, and this will do many job to the occupants who are remaining near there ( ERE Consulting Group, 2011: 17 ) . While, there are 0.8 % of same negative sentiment from the respondents from Maluri to Kajang ( ERE Consulting Group, 2011: 18 ) . When the path is excessively close with the residential country, it will do many jobs. Harmonizing to some occupants sentiments, they do non back up the KVMRT undertaking is because they think that when the building is excessively close with the residential country, this will make many jobs in their lodging country. For case, this state of affairs will make a batch of job to the occupants which live near with the building or undertaking country such as their safety job, pollution job ( noise, dust, inundations ) , and so on. These are the jobs that ever worry by the occupants ( ERE Consulting Group, 2011: 18 ) . Prove to mishandle In this undertaking, we will able to cognize how they manage the financess and operations to guarantee the success of the MRT undertaking is to finish the degree to be proud of. Fund direction is critical because it is the chief beginning in implementing this undertaking. In this instance, the financess used to construct the railroad and the path is really high if compared with the building of other railroads. A really high cost needed to beef up the system for this undertaking. It is non denied in the undertaking direction of the fund will non divert the way should non be spent. Practice of corruptness will happen and the effects the financess allocated will be affected. Cause pollution jobs The disadvantages of MRT undertaking is will do pollution jobs. It is because of the building undertaking is close to residential countries. Hence, people populating near the undertaking country will see perturbation and pollution jobs such as dust and noise pollution. This job is experienced by people populating in the 30 metre distance from the Sungai Buluh Route to Kajang. entire 2080 lodging units, 2980 units of condominium / flat units and 1,000 flats located within 30m of the path corridor SBK. In add-on, there were 12 establishments, three mosques, two churches, a temple, four infirmaries and 40 medical centres and authorities composites and shopping centres. Measurement of sound degrees to 24-hours has been conducted for 18 locations on 26 July -20 August 2010 and 1 December 2010 December 30, 2010 found that most of the noise degree exceeds the degree specified for residential countries of Town ( 60dBA to 50dBA for the twenty-four hours and clip dark ) . The jobs caused by h aze building machinery and building activities undertaken during this undertaking. Safety to resident non guaranteed/crime/theft These effects in footings of security of the population is non guaranteed, offenses such as larceny occurred. A travel from Maluri to Kajang make the boiling response of the public respondents showed 13.1 % expressed their concern for the safety of the people associated with offense. The populace is through the quiet lanes may be exposed to the hazard of larceny. In add-on, other jobs such as hazard to public safety associated with the occupants, workers, route users and nearby edifices. Underground works concern to employees workers engaged in building and public plants within the scope of the country of safety factors. In add-on, the school SJK ( C ) Nam Kheung were nearby Maluri Retrival Shaft was one of the critical countries. The usage of particular equipment used for building of multi section ( elevated ) position of the work carried out at tallness. Members of the populace and employees who are under or near the work elevated covering with high security hazard. Make the parking job The additions in the private conveyances such as autos will make the gridlock on the route. Although the KVMRT will cut down the route activity by its strengthens in carried the big sum of people that are equal to 177 autos uses or 3 coachs uses, it will make a high job around that country. KVMRT will make the parking job on the KVMRT countries such as its station and the terminals. KVMRT undertaking will give consequence on the parking job in two state of affairs or clip that is when concept the conveyances station or KVMRT web line and when that undertaking complete. When the concept clip, more than one activity should be manage proper Begin such as the public-service corporations like H2O and cloaca brinies, electrical overseas telegrams, gas pipe and so on. This activity will may impermanent loss the parking infinite and will make the parking job on that country. Beside that the affected procedure will used the big figure of country and it will give the old country. The concept clip besides can impermanent closed the route that will do the gridlock in the route and impermanent closing of route lanes. By the clip, the KVMRT undertaking will finish and it ever create the parking job but in the country of the terminal or the station. The additions in the Klang Valley and KL country will increase the demand of public conveyance such as autos because the KVMRT are enable easier connectivity between the populated on that country. The needed of the public conveyance besides will increase and to guarantee the rider can utilize the KVMRT conveyance system, they need to happen the parking country for them autos. Peoples will park country the station or the terminal if they want used the KVMRT conveyances. So, the KVMRT station should be more in parking country and if non the parking job will be in a large state of affairs. By with the efficiencies in concept the KVMRT conveyances system, it will make the parking job in that countries weather in the concept clip or when it become complete. The parking job will do higher jobs and will increase the societal job. 4.0 Some Thought Regarding KVMRT Upon cognizing this affair, the residential particularly around the countries which are included in the coming undertaking argues will likely reason with each other, one side that said this undertaking brings more injury to our Mother Earth and one side that supports this undertaking, as our group did before we realize that every physical development around the universe will at least impact the ambiance of Earth and, of class, human. The negative effects of physical development can non be prevented, but it can be reduced, at least to a degree that the injuries directed to Earth and its life signifier is low. One of the ways to minimise the effects of physical development of this undertaking is to finish the undertaking at a faster rate ( should it be carried out ) . Peoples will get down to utilize the KVMRT when the undertaking has been done, cut downing the rate of air pollution caused by the extended usage of fossil fuels to run cars. However, it may non be seeable to the people because most of them will merely see the good this undertaking will make to them ; less money to pass on fuels in this desperate times. But does this mean that the authorities will acquire the same benefits as the people do? This method requires great sum of financess. Other methods to cut down the effects of the KVMRT undertaking besides require more and more financess. This so leads to another inquiry ; will the authorities be willing to set more money on this undertaking? The excess fund needed can be used for other affairs that are no less of import than this undertaking is such as developing rural countries to cut down the rate of poorness in the state, heightening the touristry sector to pull more tourers, and many more. It all goes back to the authorities to make up ones mind about it. 5.0 Decision As a decision, there are pros and cons sing to this Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit that coming up shortly. From the treatment above, the KVMRT undertaking has many benefits to the people once it is completed but they will hold to bear with the jobs that may look during the completion of the undertaking. Should the authorities decides to go on with their programs? We believe that this undertaking should be able take Malaysia closer to its mark ; to be one of the universe s advanced states by 2020. But from what have been discussed above, they are many negative effects, some may happen and some will happen, to the people and the environment if the undertaking is carried out. Therefore, the KVMRT, without uncertainty, brings good benefits to the people, but it put a strain on the authorities ; put more, find methods that require fewer financess, or merely travel on with the current program? The people will besides hold to confront the jobs that may and will go on during the completion of the undertaking. We know that the KVMRT undertaking has a great opportunity to be carried out albeit the fund it requires and the job that may originate when it is on the building phase.

#8220;Informative Essay Sample on Sigmund Freud#8221;

#8220;Informative Essay Sample on Sigmund Freud#8221; Sigmund Freud, a physiologist, medical doctor, psychologist and father of psychoanalysis, is generally recognized as one of the most influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud’s most important and frequently re-iterated claim, that with psychoanalysis he had invented a new science of the mind, however, remains the subject of much critical debate and controversy. Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia. His father was a wool merchant and his mother was a lively woman, who was twenty years younger than his father and also his second wife. Sigmund was his mother first child of seven and he had two older half brothers. At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna where he lived most of his life. Sigmund was a brilliant child and eventually went to medical school which was one of the more viable choices for a Jewish boy in Vienna. He became involved in research under the direction of a physiology professor Ernst Brucke. Brucke believed in reductionism: â€Å" No other forces that the common physical – chemical ones are active within the organism†. Freud would later spend many years on trying to â€Å"reduce† personality to neurology, something he would eventually give up. Freud was very successful with his research, especially neurophysiology, and invented a special cell staining technique. While he was successful with what he had accomplished, there were limited available positions available and Brucke helped him receive a grant to enable his to study with the great psychiatrist in Charcot in Paris and then late his rival Bernheim in Nancy. Both studied the use of hypnosis with hysterics. After spending a short time as a resident in neurology in Berlin, he returned home to his fiancee, Martha Bernays, and set up a small practice in neuropsychiatry with the help of Joseph Breuer. Freud’s books and lectures brought him both fame and criticism from the mainstream of the medical community. He drew a number of very bright supporters who became the core of the psychoanalytic movement. Freud’s biggest flaw although, was the inability to be able to accept criticism and was known for rejecting people that did not agree with him and most went on to find competing schools of thought. Freud immigrated to England just before World War II, as Vienna became increasing dangerous place for Jews, especially for ones as famous as Freud. September 23,1939, Freud died of cancer of the mouth and jaw that he had suffered from the last 20 years of his life. Sigmund Freud had numerous theories over the course of his career; the ones that I will be discussing are only a few. Freud did not create the idea of the conscious versus the conscious mind, however he was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind in what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings. The largest part, however, being the un-conscious. The unconscious includes things that are not easily available to awareness, including out drives or instincts and things that we cannot bear to look at, such as memories and emotions associated with trauma. According to Freud’s theories, the unconscious is the source of our motivations. The id, the ego and the superego are another well-known theory that plays off of the conscious and un-conscious mind. Freudian psychology begins with a world full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. An extremely important part of the organism is the nervous system. At birth, the nervous system is a little more than of other animals, an â€Å"it† or id. The id, or the nervous system, translates the needs of the organism into motivational forces, or otherwise called the primary process. The id works in conjunction with the â€Å"pleasure principle†, which is the demand to take care of the immediate need. An example, a screaming newborn does not realize that it needs food; it only understands that it needs something now. The ego derives from the id, or the â€Å"it† to the â€Å"I† that takes place during the first year of one’s life. The ego relates the organism to reality by means of its unconscious, and searches for objects to satisfy the wishes that the id creates to represent the organism’s needs. This is called the secondary process. The ego, unlike the id, functions according to the reality principle, which says, â€Å"take care of a need as soon as an appropriate object is found.† The ego then struggles to keep the id, or the organism, happy. The ego keeps record of the obstacles, aids, rewards and punishments, and from there forms the superego. This theory is usually not complete until the age of seven, if ever. There are two aspects of the superego: conscious and ego ideal. The conscious is an internalization of punishments and warnings. The ego ideal derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child. The conscious and the superego communicate their requirements to the ego with feelings like pride, shame, and guilt. The id, ego and superego lead to the fact that, as if acquired, that a new set of needs and wishes are of social, not biological, at this time. Freud once said, â€Å"Life is not easy.† Anxiety is a familiar part of each day for many; anxiety is another aspect of the mind that Freud investigated. Anxiety sits at the center of powerful forces: reality: society, as represented by the superego; biology, as represented by the id. When conflicting demands are made upon the ego, the feeling is called anxiety. It serves as a signal to the ego that its survival as a whole is in jeopardy. There are three different types of anxiety: realistic, moral and neurotic. Realistic anxiety is considered fear. Moral anxiety is a feeling that comes from the outer world, although could be considered shame, guilt and the fear of punishment. Neurotic anxiety is the fear of being overwhelmed by the impulses of the id. This is the anxiety that intrigued Freud the most. Although there are many theories surrounding Freud that could be discussed, the last one, and the most controversial one that I’d like to discuss us the Oedipal crisis. The Oedipal crisis is named after the ancient Greek story of King Oedipus, who inadvertently killed his father and married his mother. The theory works in this manner: the fist love-object for humans is out mother. We want her affection, her caresses and her in a broadly sexual way. In earlier readings, I found that Freud defined â€Å"sexual† as not just intercourse, but all pleasurable sensations of the skin. In theory, the young boy has a rival for his mother’s charms: his father. His father is bigger, stronger, and smarter and gets to sleep in his mother’s bed. Dad is the enemy. At this point in his life, the by had recognized that that he differs from girls as there is a difference in hair length and clothing style. From his perspective there is one major difference, he has a penis and girls do not. This is the beginning of â€Å"castration anxiety† or a slight fear of loosing one’s penis. To return to the original issue, the boy recognizes the father’s superiority and engages in some of his ego defenses: he displaces his sexual impulses on from his mother to girls, lat er women, and identifies with the aggressor, his father. He attempts to be more like him, or more like a man. The boy will then enter adolescences and then the world of heterosexuality. Freud also believes that women experience the same. The only thing more common that blatant admiration for Freud is the equally blind hatred that people feel towards him. Out of the theories previously discussed, the Oedipal complex and the associated ideas behind castration anxiety and penis envy is the least favorite. It has been discovered that these rules mostly apply in world in which the families are dysfunctional and are not working in the means intended. These circumstances include parents unhappy with each other that may use their children against each other, or in instances in which girls are ridiculed or forced to think that there are not an equal to men. These symptoms may also be found in circumstances in which parents may threaten to â€Å"castrate† a boy for certain behaviors. Ultimately, these circumstances apply in dysfunctional situations. If the Oedipal complex was viewed in a metaphoric and not a literal fashion the concepts could be considered useful. Children love their parents. Children learn the standard s of a relationship through the images that parents portray in their relationships. Children also imitate the behaviors on the opposite-sex parent therefore playing back into the Oedipal complex. Freud’s emphasis on sexuality is another area that is highly criticized. When exploring Freud’s theories further, I was amazed at the emphasis on just the word â€Å"sex† alone. In further researching the meaning, I found that Freud defined â€Å"sexuality† as a sensation to the skin. This definition put the theories in perspective for me. Human beings crave sensations to the skin: a hug, a kiss, and a caress. These types of affections are non-verbal forms of love that humans need to survive. I think that another extremely important factor is the time period in which Freud presented his theories. His theories were based on the intense avoidance of sexuality, especially among the middle and upper classes, and especially among women. Society today, forgets that â€Å"sexuality† was something that was looked down upon. Women who felt sexual desires were automatically considered a prostitute, and a new bride would be taken by surprise on her wedding nig ht (or could faint at the thought). I strongly think that Freud helped to open a window of understanding regarding the topic of human sexuality. Freud was strong enough to step from the norm and voice his opinions regarding this highly controversial issue and helped to navigate the way the future would view sexuality. I think that it is admirable that he had a strong enough character to discuss a subject potentially this disastrous to himself and his career. Freud made people aware of the fact that human behavior was based on biology and rationale. Freud showed the impact that human behavior had on society when it was realized that each individual is responsible for his/ her own actions. Freud proved the importance of family dynamics in a time where society believed that God determined the roles of men and women. The id and the superego will be a part of modern psychology from here on out. The ego defenses are something that I feel is anther important part of Freud’s theories. Many criticize Freud’s idea of the â€Å"unconscious†, however it seems to be clear that people in general will manipulate reality and our memories to suit our own needs. There are several situations from my past that I know have manipulated to suit what my needs were during those transitions. I also strongly believe that we all have â€Å"ghosts in the closet† from past experiences, some that we are even unaware of. These are two specific situations that play into the theory of the â€Å"unconscious†. Finally, if not the most useful, is Freud’s creation of basic therapy. Most therapists today still adopt the â€Å" talking cure† and provide a relaxed, physical and social, atmosphere in which they treat their patients. I feel that this will be another theory that will stick to psychology now and for times to come. I think that many people tend to disregard all of Freud’s ideas because they do not agree with a few. I think that many of Freud’s ideas are tied to his times, although I think that there is a few that play an important role in today’s society and will continue to play a strong role in the times to come. Freud was excellent at research and was an excellent observer of human conditions. Freud is a name that you can find regarding psychology today and will be a part of psychology in the future.

Moon as a character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Moon as a character - Essay Example The centrifugal elements of the story have served to also deliver a sense of shock value to those who hear it. These main elements are Salome herself, so beautiful and enchanting that her own stepfather Herod the king, is smitten by her. This is an incestual element which is certainly edgy enough to gain attention. Secondly, a man of God who claims to be a prophet, is so hated that he is murdered in a brutal way in order to please a beautiful woman. These elements are just the surface of a thicket of metaphorical allegory. The moon is of course something of a constant. Certainly, we assume that in any story taking place on this planet, the moon is automatically thought to be lurking overhead in the night. This however, is not the only place for the moon in this particular tale. Salome uses numerous references to ‘white’ which is thought to in essence, represent the moon. Additionally, the story has two human voyeurs, the page and the Syrian. It is the page who is smitten or hypnotized by the moon but really, the moon is serving as a metaphor for princess Salome. This gives a circular quality to the story and reminds the reader that on one layer, there are these people of royalty who are in fact subject to voyeurs. Princess Salome is the object of her stepfather Herod’s voyeurism as well as the voyeurism of the page and the Syrian. Beyond this layer, the voyeurs are subject to the moon itself as it looms overhead as a distant but present voyeur. The moon in fact, is the voyeur watch ing this entire story unfold. Getting back to the nature of the story’s conflicts, it is both an incestual situation materializing which leads to the brutal murder and sadistic handling of a man of God. The piece is entirely fashioned around an emphasis on the dark side of human beings with the additional almost cautionary sense that someone is always watching. This is perhaps the heaviest and most impressive metaphor used in the piece between the moon and

CASE review Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Case Study Example manufacture of its furniture seeking to reduce costs at through relations with suppliers in cost-efficient labour countries and sourcing different parts from different countries. The other way in which IKEA was very involved in furniture manufacture is through IKEA’s engineers determining the kind of materials to use ensuring high quality yet at the lowest cost. Selection and manufacture of the best furniture were achieved through the internal competition of IKEA’s ten designers and freelancers allowing IKEA to have the best designs in the market. Flat Packaging is the other important point for IKEA in several aspects including reduced costs in shipping and labour and allowed IKEA to meet consumer need for low-cost furniture augmenting its market share and providing more success in both domestic and international markets. Another important factor for IKEA’s success is bright and inviting large (15000-35000 square feet) showrooms with huge price tags on the furniture and model rooms for the consumers increasing visibility. Listening to customer complaints allowed IKEA to overcome challenges in the American market through the incorporation of designs and product specification including measurement in inches and augmenting product size to fit American tastes and preferences. Having a self-service ethos through self-assembling of furniture, well explained pricing and specification in stores, and self-service strollers are well envisaged in IKEA’s business allowing for low-cost production and supply. Johnson developed original ideas for the success of J.C. Penny but demonstrated a lack of foresight and thinking in terms of operations, finance, and logistics that could have been the cause of his failures. He brought new designs and strategies that could have been more successful through the â€Å"Fair and Square† strategy if he envisioned its development with better thinking on operationalizing the plans without much impact and changes to the loyal customer

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay Example for Free

Causes and Effects of the English Language Essay In America, English is the national language. However, with many different cultures and ways of life, everyone doesn’t speak the same English. In the north, people tend to speak clearly and to some this is correct. In the south, people tend to tie their words together and to some this is incorrect. Ultimately, the question is, is what is good language what is bad and what causes the two. In Orewell’s piece, he criticizes the English language starting from the teachers who teach us on to the authors who entertain us. He emphasizes how bad language begins with those to people and their bad habits. He also stresses that if we â€Å"remain strong in this fight against bad English† then we will soon overcome the bad habits and whatnot. Orewell talks about dying metaphors and usage of words that aren’t in layman term. He suggests that when authors use common metaphors and uncommon scientific words, they are writing incorrectly. Consequently, readers and other writers are reading, writing, and learning incorrectly. In my opinion, Orewell’s essay was not efficient in any way. He was nothing short of a hypocrite doing what they do best. He speaks of creative writing and original methapors, but he uses neither. He speaks of using cumbersome words that nobody relates to, yet the majority of his essay was written as if he spoke old English. He doesn’t follow any of the rules that he strongly suggests will bring us out of this fight of bad English. He’s setting no example for the so-called unrightfully successful authors and novice writers. The English language has many different meanings, expressions, causes and effects. So many, that there can no be one specific person determining which are the most perfect. As stated before different regions of the U.S. determine how those people talk, so unconsciously people read and write the way they speak. Many authors use metaphors to allow the audience to better relate to the message their relaying. Many authors use scientific and uncommon words to help broaden their readers vocabulary and to expose them to more than they knew before reading their piece. These critical readers  pick up dictionaries and thesauruses and begin to further explore the language they’re so familiar with. Orewell is neither the most qualified nor perfect person to suggest how authors should write. After all, no on is criticizing his piece and how it negatively drew the audience in. If he is criticizing the way English is taught then he’s ultimately criticizing the way people interpret. Many people are doing just fine without Orewell’s negative views of the English language.

Jules Verne’s Around the World in 80 Days Essay -- Around World 80 Da

Jules Verne’s Around the World in 80 Days Jules Verne’s 19th century novel about the travels of the â€Å"eclectic† Phileas Fogg at first seems a quick read, an adventurous tale written in a light-hearted vernacular. Yet a close reading of passages, such as the paragraph at the beginning of chapter two, reveals more complex, latent themes amidst the pages of such â€Å"mass† fiction. An analysis of one passage in particular1 [1] suggests that this classic novel has little to do with travel, adventure and love, but rather that it makes a statement about the human condition. Fogg’s famous eighty-day challenge seems only a vessel, a means of transportation, to mask and guide his own inward journey. Verne’s earliest portrayals of Fogg reveal some of his peculiarities: an unnatural fixation on following routing and being on time, as well as meticulous attention for detail.2 [2] Yet Fogg’s apparent obsession with exactitude denies him any hint of individuality. According to Verne, Fogg is â€Å"so exact that he [is] never in a hurry†, â€Å"[makes] no superfluous gestures†, and â€Å"[is] never seen to be moved or agitated†.3 [3] He meticulously reads two papers each day without comment, avoids both confrontation and agreement, and is at once mysterious and predictable. Phileas Fogg seems, therefore, to exist in such a state of mediocrity and liminality, lacking defining or distinctive characteristics, that prior to accepting the challenge, he would fade from the reader’s view. Verne’s poetic prose further highlight Fogg’s early banality: â€Å"Phileas Fogg was indeed exactitude personified, and this was betrayed even in the expression of his very hands and feet†¦ the limbs themselves are expressive of the passions.† (Verne 14) .. ...ons do not match on a word-for-word basis. This is the passage as it appears in my versions: â€Å"Phileas Fogg was indeed exactitude personified, and this was betrayed even in the expression of his very hands and feet; for in men, as well as in animals, the limbs themselves are expression of the passions. He was so exact that he was never in a hurry, was always ready, and was economical in both steps and his motions. He never took one step too many, and always went to his destination by the shortest way; he made no superfluous gestures, and was never seen to be moved or agitated. He was the most deliberate person in the world, yet always arrived on time. He lived alone, and so to speak, outside of every social relation; and as he knew that in this world there must be friction, and since friction slows things down, he never rubbed against anybody.† (Verne 14-15)

Roskill and Howard Davies Airport Commissions and the Third London Airport

Introduction London’s airports are operating close to capacity and there are challenges associated with the location particularly of Heathrow airport, such as noise pollution and safety of London’s populace (DOT, 2003; Helsey and Codd, 2012). Capacity expansion pursuits have been long drawn over half a century involving two airport commissions and political intrigues (FT, 2014). The Third London Airport commission popularly known as the ‘Roskill Commission’ anticipated growth in air transport and speculated that by the end of the century London might have to accommodate 100 million passengers (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). It was an appropriate estimate as the actual number was 115 million (CAPA, 2013). This ceiling has been surpassed and London airports are operating under strenuous volumes. The pursuit of an alternative airport, additional runways to expand capacity, among other options continue to feature in public discourse almost half a century later with myriad ar guments and counterarguments (FT, 2014; The Independent, 2014). This report explores the works of the airports commissions (Roskill and Howard Davies commissions), as well as the consideration of the controversial Boris Island alternative. It focuses on the demand and supply of airports among other considerations significant for such ventures as the development of new airports or aviation facilities. History of commissions and development of arguments A 1964 interdepartmental committee on the Third London Airport forecast that the capacity of Heathrow and Gatwick airports combined, even with the addition of a second runway at Gatwick, would be insufficient for London’s air traffic by 1972 (Mishan, 1970). After the consideration of options, the commission on the Third London Airport (Roskill Commission) was set up in 1968. With their evaluation of the timing of need, expansion capacity requirement, and after a careful study of a total of 80 proposed project sites, the commission finally chose four sites, among them a new airport at Cublington (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). It was the first time that a full range of environmental and economic arguments were brought to bear on a major investment decision, providing substantial and significant systemic evidence on which to base decisions (HC, 1971). Its excellence in approach and output was however to not much good as government, with a variant perception and opinion immediatel y rejected its findings choosing instead a scheme to build an airport at Foulness, in the Thames Estuary (Mishan, 1970). Interestingly, this option had been considered and had been decisively rejected by the Roskill Commission on the basis of cost, distance and convenience to prospective passengers (FT, 2014). Neither of the two propositions (Cublington and Foulness) was built and a subsequent change in government and complexion led to the devise of a different scheme – a limited expansion of an existing airport at Stansted which was accomplished a decade after proposition. This option had also been considered by the Roskill Commission and never made its shortlist of key options (Helsey and Codd, 2012). It was a predictable failure and is still challenged by the lack of success in supporting long-haul operations by airlines, only benefitting from low-cost carriers (principally Ryan air) drawn by attractive landing charges which offset consequent inconvenience to their passeng ers (AOA, 2013). A proposal which has re-emerged and gained prominence is the new airport at the Thames Estuary. The ‘Boris Island’ alternative Dubbed ‘Boris Island’ as a consequence of its support by London Mayor Boris Johnson, the London Britannia Airport (a name adopted for the latest iteration of the idea in 2013) is a proposed airport to be built on an artificial island in the River Thames estuary to serve London. Plans for this airport go several years back but the idea was revived by the Mayor in 2008 (CAPA, 2013; Mayor of London, 2013). Proponents of the project cite the significant advantage it portends in the avoidance of flights over densely populated areas with consideration of noise pollution and attendant safety challenges. However, its critics who include some local councils, nature conservation charity – RSPB, as well as current London airports, oppose the scheme, suggesting that it is impractical and expensive (AC, 2013b). It is still under consideration of the Howard Davies Airports Commission, which estimates the entire undertaking including feeder roads and rail to cost ?112 billion, a bout five times the presently shortlisted short-term options (AC, 2013c). The overall balance of economic impacts of the project would be uncertain given the requirement for the closure of Heathrow and by extension London city for airspace reasons (CAPA, 2013). Renewed pursuit – Howard Davies Airports Commission In spite of the myriad arguments and criticisms of the various alternatives, not much has changed and the Howard Davies Airports Commission set up in 2012 still wades in the long running controversy (CAPA, 2013; AOA, 2013). There has evidently been little learnt in the several decades of bad policy making given the hedging, stonewalling, and political posturing that still characterizes the endeavour, a readiness to oppose policies espoused by those of different complexions or the persistent complication of issues when there is requirement for bold action. This characterizes policy today as it did half a century earlier with elaborate models being grossly misused and deliberately disregarded. Minor challenges and disadvantages are greatly amplified overshadowing potentially more substantial benefits (FT, 2014). The Airports Commission was set up to examine the need for additional UK airport capacity and to recommend to government how this can be met in the short, medium and long term. The commission is tasked with creating economic, sustainable and socially responsible growth through competitive airlines and airports. (AC, 2013a). The findings of the Howard Davies Airports Commission contained in their interim report released in December 2013 (preceding a final report expected in 2015) are mainly focused on the continued growth of air travel, mainly in the South East of England. The Commission considers that the region needs an extra runway by 2030, and another possibly by 2050. On the shortlist for the expansion of airport capacity are three options comprising a third runway at Heathrow 3,500m long; lengthening of the existing northern runway to at least 6,000m enabling it to be used for both landing and take-off; as well as a new 3,000m runway at Gatwick (CAPA, 2013; AOA, 2013). Not included is the brand new hub airport in the Thames Estuary, which is side-lined citing uncertainties and challenges surrounding the proposal at this stage (AC, 2013d). However, th e Commission promises an evaluation of its feasibility and a decision on its viability later in 2004 (The Independent, 2014). The Stansted and Birmingham options, however, failed to make the shortlist, although the decision remains open for their qualification in the long term (CAPA, 2013). In the Commission’s view, the capacity challenge is yet to become critical although there is potential if no action is taken soon. However, capacity challenges and the jostling and vying for a slice of anticipated extra capacity by airports signals need (AC, 2013d). Arguments on the expansion of airport capacity The Howard Davies Commission acknowledge the ‘over-optimism’ in recent forecasts of growth in demand for the aviation sector, but consider the level of growing demand as prominent requiring focus on the earliest practicable relief (AC, 2013c). This is in response to contentions by opponents that the current capacity is adequate basing their primary argument on earlier inaccurate demand forecasts. These opponents posit operational changes including quieter and bigger planes could serve to accommodate more passengers negating the need for ambitious and expensive ventures. Some also argue that constraining growth in the aviation industry would be the best option for emissions reduction and that government should utilise available capacity, pushing traffic from London’s crowded airports to others around the country, (AC, 2013b; c; d; AOA, 2013 DOT, 2013). The Commission accepts the changes in aviation practice and aircraft design could deliver modest improvements in c apacity but argue that none of these submissions suggested significant transformational gains (AC, 2013c). It also stresses that deliberations were alive to the issue of climate change and were focused on the delivery of the best solution for the UK, which entails the achievement of carbon targets and delivery of required connections for the economy and society(AC, 2013c; d). The Commission notes that doing nothing to address capacity constraints could have unintended economic and environmental consequences with the possibility of some flights and emissions being displaced to other countries (AC, 2013d; CAPA, 2013; Mayor of London, 2013). Reliance on runways currently in operation would likely produce a clearly less ideal solution for passengers, global and regional connectivity, and would be sub-optimal in the endeavour to minimize the overall carbon impact of aviation (AC, 2013a; AOA, 2013). To achieve statutory mechanisms aimed at operational efficiency and emission reduction are critical. Conservationists, such as the Friends of Earth, decry growth arguing that the building of more airports and runways will have a major impact on local communities and the environment (Mayor of London, 2013; AC, 2013b). The argument for sustainable growth is welcomed by industry players in light of calls for constraint (AOA, 2013; The Independent, 2014). Through time, the argument has significantly centred on the timing of need for expansion of capacity with the uncertainty over growth and demand estimates. The drive for more intensive use of existing capacity is most appropriate in the short-term given that operational and aircraft design improvements have enabled the handling of more volumes than anticipated. Though limited, there is still capacity for improvement benefitting environmental conformity and overall efficiency. Several tactical improvements are proposed by the Davies commission to enable full and efficient use of available resource and capacity (DOT, 2013; AC , 2013d). The Davies Commission proposes the encouragement of greater adherence to schedules by airlines through stricter enforcement of aircraft arrival time. This would enhance efficient sequencing of arrivals ending the practice of ‘stacking’ especially at Heathrow (Europe’s busiest airport), which is expensive in fuel costs and time and has adverse environmental impact. They also propose ‘smoothing’ of timetables and the tackling of surges in traffic and bottlenecks, such as restrictions of arrivals before 6am and the designation procedures of runways which impede efficiency (AC, 2013d). Also considered are ‘mixed-mode’ operations which entail simultaneous use of runways for take-offs and landings. Through this mode, Heathrow expects to gain 15% in airport capacity without extra building (AOA, 2013). The Airports Commission rules out proposed mixed-mode operations suggesting its use when arrival delays arise and eventually to allow e nvisaged gradual traffic build up and increase in operations towards the opening of additional runways rather than a flood-gate of activity. In their consideration of noise pollution and impact on residents, the Commission recommends ending of simultaneous landings at both runways with an exception of times of disruption (AC, 2013d). Presently, Heathrow designates different runways for landings and departure which are switched daily at 3 pm to allow for respite for communities near the airport (AOA, 2013; FT, 2014). The Howard Davies Commission suggests that there might not be need for one huge hub airport as growth in recent years has come from low-cost carriers (AC, 2013a). This view makes the case for expansion of Gatwick Airport. In anticipation of confirmation of expansion priorities and solutions, airport bosses are at loggerheads with Gatwick bosses suggesting that it would not make business sense for their second runway if Heathrow is also given a green light for simultaneou s expansion (AOA, 2013). This is in consideration of an extension of time to achieve return on investment from the expected 15-20 years to 30-40 years. Gatwick’s case is compelling given that it is cheaper, quicker, has significantly lower environmental impact and is the most deliverable solution in the short term (CAPA, 2013). Heathrow rejects this argument insisting there is a clear business case for a third runway regardless of development at Gatwick. With the airport operating at 98% of its capacity, they highlight potential for parallel growth delivering choice for passengers (AOA, 2013). Mayor Johnson is, however, opposed to Heathrow’s expansion citing the misery inflicted on a million people or more living in west London. He notes that there has been significantly more concern for the needs of passengers superseding the concerns of those on the ground. Johnson proposes focus on the new hub airport (Boris Island) to relieve impact on residents as well as to enhan ce UK’s competitiveness (Mayor of London, 2013). Supporters of Heathrow’s expansion say it will be quicker and will help to maintain the UK as an international aviation hub increasing global connections. Paris, Amsterdam and Frankfurt are closely competing for this business (DOT, 2013). Conclusion The examination of need for additional airport capacity and recommendation of solutions for the short, medium and long term, has taken the UK half a century and two commissions and still there is no confirmed venture despite the raft of proposals. The earlier Roskill Commission reached conclusions on four promising sites-including a new ‘Boris Island’ airport, which are still under consideration in the later commission the Howard Davies Airports Commission. Considering several arguments with regard to their mandate, the latter commission has proposed additional runways one at Gatwick and possibly two at Heathrow despite potential adverse effects to London residents. They are still to deliver a verdict on the new Thames Estuary project, promising a decision later in 2014 after evaluation. References Abelson, P. and A., Flowerdew, 1972. Roskill’s successful recommendation.† In: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 135. No. 4, pp.467 Airports Committee, 2013a. Emerging thinking: Aviation Capacity in the UK. 7th October. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/aviation-capacity-in-the-uk-emerging-thinking Airports Commission, 2013b. Stakeholder responses to Airports Commission discussion papers. 25th October. Viewed from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/stakeholder-responses-to-airports-commission-discussion-papers Airports Commission, 2013c. Airports Commission discussion papers. 29th July. 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